Historically, western cultures have no tradition of recognising biological variation in sex formation. As a consequence any departure from the male/female binary tends to be regarded as a gender role issue, usually equated to sexual orientation, rather than the result of any biological influence. This lack of recognition became even more entrenched following the development of a set of theories during the mid-1950's. These argued that all sex related gender behaviours resulted from complex Pavlovian gender role conditioning recieved during the first two years of life. (Money, J. and A. Ehrhardt (1972). Man and Woman, Boy and Girl. Baltimore, John Hopkins University Press.)
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