TransScript: Divine Sex Changes in Genesis
by Megan Rohrer
Saturday, February 21, 2009
When culture began to believe that men were superior to women, it reinterpreted the queer creation story into a story of a woman coming from a man in order to reinforce cultural assumptions. And for centuries, patriarchal assumptions continued to reinterpret and sometimes guide our scientific assumptions of sex and gender.1
Still, the earliest listeners and readers of our sacred scriptures believed that sex changes were a miracle of God(dess), beginning with the first sex reassignment surgery that was preformed by God(dess) trans-forming the intersexual Adam into a male Adam and female Eve.2
This first sex change was not the final act of creation that ended the need for any other sex changes. Ancient Israelites believed that there were more than two genders: male, female, barren women and Eunuchs.3 While rejecting the assumption that you cannot be fully a woman or man if you cannot procreate, we must continue to lift up the sacred stories of the God(dess) who not only performs sex change miracles but uses gender queer individuals as agents of God(dess)'s work in the world.
The earliest readers of the Hebrew Bible believed that barren women and circumcised men were models of the androgynous ideal (like the Divine Androgen).4 This means that God(dess)'s command that all men be circumcised could be said to be a requirement that all faithful believers undergo a physical sex change. Numerous barren women also received divine sex changes when God(dess) notices them and opens their wombs: Sarai,
Rebecca, Leah, Rachael, Zulaikaha, and Hannah.5
While the type of sex change that comes from circumcision or the opening of a womb seems very different then the surgical and hormonal sex changes that some transsexuals undergo, the story of Dinah's sex change may speak more to the contemporary transsexual experience.6 This story begins with Jacob, a character so gender queer, that even Luther notices.7 But, how could he not notice when the text seems to go out of its way to note that everything that Jacob does is feminine: female pronouns are used to describe him and it is noted that he "dwells in tents" (Gen 25:27) which were known to be the space of women. Even more queer is the fact that this effeminate male is able to amass so much masculine power, which the patriarchy of the time defined as the ability to "take" multiple wives and produce many male children.8
Jacob's children come as the result of at least two divine sex changes (Leah's womb is opened in 29:31 and Rachael's is opened in 30:22) and ultimately produces twelve male offspring, who become known as the twelve tribes of Israel. Though its not recorded in the text, ancient readers believed that after eleven of the sons were born (six to Leah, two to Bilhah and two to Zilpah), that Leah prayed to God(dess) to have a girl so that her sister Rachael could bear Jacob's final male child, Joseph.9
While some sources believed that Dinah's sex change occurred in Leah's womb and others believed it was happened after Dinah was born they all agree that it was God(dess) who changed Dinah's sex from male to female. Yet most commentators fail to notice that the cost to Dinah for her divine sex change is the loss of the privileges given to men in a patriarchal society.10 As a woman Dinah endures the subjugation commonly endured by other women of her time when she is raped by Sehecham (34:2-7) and "treated like a whore" (34:31). Dinah ultimately dies giving birth to Benjamin.11
Despite Dinah's unfortunate fate, the prayer of Leah has been used by trans individuals as model for praying to God(dess) for a sex change. Qalonymos ben Qalonymos in Even Bohan (1322) prayed:
Our Father in Heaven! You who did miracles to our fathers by fire and water; you who turned [the furnace] in Ur of the Chaldees [cold] to stop it from burning [Abraham]; you who turned Dinah in her mother's womb [into a girl]; you who turned the rod [of Moses] into a serpent in front of tens of thousands; you who turned [Moses'] pure arm into a [leper's] white arm; you who turned the Red Sea into land, and the sea floor into solid and dried-up earth; you who turned the rock into a lake, the cliff into a fountain -- if only you would turn me from male to female.12
The sex changes in Genesis could be read as enforcing strict gender binaries, as God(dess)'s way to trans-form the gender queer into "normal" procreative men and women. But, we have already seen how God(dess) uses Jacob in gender queer ways, without correcting or changing the ways Jacob is queer in gender. Michael Carden, who called Jacob a "pretty-boy nancy,"13 describes Jacob's youngest son Joseph as "twitling, minicing, in rainbow garb and with painted eyes, Joseph is a flaming young queen."14 God(dess) continues to use gender non-conforming individuals not only in the book of Genesis, but throughout our sacred texts.
1. See Laquer, Thomas, Making Sex: Body and Gender From the Greeks to Freud, Harvard University Press, 1992.
2. The Jewish midrash argues that: "Men and women were originally undivided, i.e. Adam was at first created bisexual, a hermaphrodite." [Plaut, W. Gunther, The Torah: Genesis -- A Modern Commentary, 1974, 24.] See also, Gottwald, N. K. 1985. The Hebrew Bible -- a socio-literary introduction. Includes index. Fortress Press: Philadelphia
3. Carden, Michael, "Genesis/Bereshit," The Queer Bible Commentary, Ed. Guest, Deryn, et. al., SCM Press, 2006, 27.
4. Ibid, 33, 35 and 49.
5. Ibid.
6. See Carden, Michael, "Genesis/Bereshit," 47-51.
7. LW5: Lectures on Genesis: Chapters 26-30: Genesis 29:29
8. See Carden, Michael, "Genesis/Bereshit," 47-51 and Stone, Ken, "1 and 2 Samuel," The Queer Bible Commentary, Ed. Guest, Deryn, et. al., SCM Press, 2006, 212.
9. See Berakhot 60a and Tanhuma 19:5.
10. Rosen, Tova, Circumcised Cinderella, 89.
11. Carden, Michael, "Genesis/Bereshit," 51.
12. As it appears in Rosen, Tova, "Circumcised Cinderella," 87.
13. Carden, Michael, "Genesis/Bereshit," 50.
14. Ibid, 53.
Posted by Rev. Megan M. Rohrer at 1:38 PM
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Happy Navaratri festival to all
15 years ago
The Genesis was written in a very specific moment, let's shed the light of anthropology on it:
ReplyDeleteAgriculture, a mainly female invention in opposition to hunting and picking had resulted the better and more economic way. Hence women had grown into a role of power resulting from their competence and innovative skills.
Before agriculture, males were mainly into hunting. And after the success of the female model of economy, what was at stake was political and economic power.
Hence some priests got the assignment to think up legends putting males into the role of power, depriving women of their successes and of their creative role.
The Genesis is little else then the written report of this conflict.
Prof. Dr. Chris Muth, Montreux, Switzerland
Hello Prof. Dr. Chris Muth
ReplyDeleteWhile I agree that with your basic assertion that patriarchal systems of controlling resources have been characteristics that have later come to define monotheism.
I think you may find that attributing gender to things like economic systems etc can lead to a less than accurate understanding of Bronze age cultures and the emergence of monotheism.
Given that monotheism did emerge from polytheist belief systems, with early representations of singular deities being somehow singular representations of multiple deities. (50 names of Marduk being an early Mesopotamian example). And that as time passed early forms of monotheism proper involved "Elohimist" models where the singular deity had "names" or "attributes" of lesser deities of both genders. I find it difficult to agree with you about the notion of masculine or feminine religious tradition being tied to economic models.
I would suggest that the patriarchal emphasis started to predominate during the time of King Hezekiah when the people described in the biblical narratives were at war with the Assyrians.
Like any present day culture at war, gender "roles" are usually made to contrast more sharply.
Shalom
Sophia Siedlberg
Hi Sophia, I love your comment which shows a deep knowledge.
ReplyDeleteI know that my comment may be taken somehow like a brutal marxist interpretation. Nevertheless, I believe that women had two things which gave them an advantage in order to invent the upcoming economy of agriculture:
- a time line linked to the female cycle, which allows to see beyond the moment and which was not available to men and which allowed them to see how grass and other plants grow, hence to cultivate
- protected sedentarity which led women to make friendship with animals as ferocious as wolves and with others like cattle, which led to stock breading.
And of course I take your point of the polytheist belief systems.
But as women, I have the feeling that we are regularly deprived of the power which should result from the importance of our contributions. We think team and family whereas males are on ego.
In my view the gender war does exist because because the patriarchal system is not really willing to share power, hence it cannot accept any kind of inter- or transexuality. Those who do not define clearly on one side or the other are perceived as traitors.
A better world means more feminine values, and more awareness for both, males and females !
Shalom Sophia, be the bliss of love with you.
Chris Muth, Montreux
Hi Sophia, I love your comment which shows a deep knowledge.
ReplyDeleteI know that my comment may be taken somehow like a brutal marxist interpretation. Nevertheless, I believe that women had two things which gave them an advantage in order to invent the upcoming economy of agriculture:
- a time line linked to the female cycle, which allows to see beyond the moment and which was not available to men and which allowed them to see how grass and other plants grow, hence to cultivate
- protected sedentarity which led women to make friendship with animals as ferocious as wolves and with others like cattle, which led to stock breading.
And of course I take your point of the polytheist belief systems.
But as women, I have the feeling that we are regularly deprived of the power which should result from the importance of our contributions. We think team and family whereas males are on ego.
In my view the gender war does exist because because the patriarchal system is not really willing to share power, hence it cannot accept any kind of inter- or transexuality. Those who do not define clearly on one side or the other are perceived as traitors.
A better world means more feminine values, and more awareness for both, males and females !
Shalom Sophia, be the bliss of love with you.
Chris Muth, Montreux
:o
ReplyDelete